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Prices for plumbing services
In the case of a hydraulic failure in the dwelling of its owners will have to call a plumber themselves, which make needed repairs. They will be able to ask the company hydraulic or contact a plumber who is self-employed hydraulic. The scope of repairs carried out by a plumber includes taking a variety of actions, from home repair boiler after repairing the broken washing machine. Announcements of services plumbing are published today, both in newspapers, on posters street, and on websites. Is included in them the information on the price list of services plumbing. Price for repairs made will be based on the scope of activities and resources used by a plumber.
Payment for services rendered in the hydraulic block of flats
Plumber employed by a housing association provides services plumbing on its territory. First, it is engaged in developing work plans plumbing in a block and then monitors their execution. Payment for plumbing services related to the replacement of old plant cover cooperative, and part of the funds comes from the so-called. repair fund. While the ongoing repair failures occurring during the daily operation already pay individual residents. Such failures may concern eg. The creation of a leak in the tap. On their own must also cover the costs associated with the repair of the boiler. Cooperative will cover only the costs of replacing old boilers in the whole block.
Plumbing - about materials
Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo, wood, or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were used for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Logs were used for water distribution in England close to 500 years ago. US cities began using hollowed logs in the late 1700s through the 1800s.8 Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper, and plastic; most waste (also known as "soil")11 out of steel, copper, plastic, and cast iron.11
The straight sections of plumbing systems are called "pipes" or "tubes". A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping, or for plastics, solvent welding. These joining techniques are discussed in more detail in the piping and plumbing fittings article.
Steeledit
Main article: Galvanized pipe
Galvanized steel potable water supply and distribution pipes are commonly found with nominal pipe sizes from 3?8 inch (9.5 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm). It is rarely used today for new construction residential plumbing. Steel pipe has National Pipe Thread (NPT) standard tapered male threads, which connect with female tapered threads on elbows, tees, couplers, valves, and other fittings. Galvanized steel (often known simply as "galv" or "iron" in the plumbing trade) is relatively expensive, and difficult to work with due to weight and requirement of a pipe threader. It remains in common use for repair of existing "galv" systems and to satisfy building code non-combustibility requirements typically found in hotels, apartment buildings and other commercial applications. It is also extremely durable and resistant to mechanical abuse. Black lacquered steel pipe is the most widely used pipe material for fire sprinklers and natural gas.
Most typical single family home systems won't require supply piping larger than 3?4 inch (19 mm) due to expense as well as steel piping's tendency to become obstructed from internal rusting and mineral deposits forming on the inside of the pipe over time once the internal galvanizing zinc coating has degraded. In potable water distribution service, galvanized steel pipe has a service life of about 30 to 50 years, although it is not uncommon for it to be less in geographic areas with corrosive water contaminants.
Copperedit
Main article: Copper tubing
Copper pipe and tubing was widely used for domestic water systems in the latter half of the twentieth century. In the early twenty-first century, the rising price of copper drove a shift to plastic pipes for new construction.
Plasticedit
Main article: Plastic pipe
Plastic hot and cold supply piping for a sink
Plastic pipe is in wide use for domestic water supply and drain-waste-vent (DWV) pipe. Principal types include: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was produced experimentally in the 19th century but did not become practical to manufacture until 1926, when Waldo Semon of BF Goodrich Co. developed a method to plasticize PVC, making it easier to process. PVC pipe began to be manufactured in the 1940s and was in wide use for Drain-Waste-Vent piping during the reconstruction of Germany and Japan following WWII. In the 1950s, plastics manufacturers in Western Europe and Japan began producing acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) pipe. The method for producing cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) was also developed in the 1950s. Plastic supply pipes have become increasingly common, with a variety of materials and fittings employed.
PVC/CPVC ? rigid plastic pipes similar to PVC drain pipes but with thicker walls to deal with municipal water pressure, introduced around 1970. PVC stands for polyvinyl chloride, and it?s become a common replacement for metal piping. PVC should be used only for cold water, or for venting. CPVC can be used for hot and cold potable water supply. Connections are made with primers and solvent cements as required by code.12
PP ? The material is used primarily in housewares, food packaging, and clinical equipment,13 but since the early 1970s has seen increasing use worldwide for both domestic hot and cold water. PP pipes are heat fused, being unsuitable for the use of glues, solvents, or mechanical fittings. PP pipe is often used in green building projects.1415
PBT ? flexible (usually gray or black) plastic pipe which is attached to barbed fittings and secured in place with a copper crimp ring. The primary manufacturer of PBT tubing and fittings was driven into bankruptcy by a class-action lawsuit over failures of this system.citation needed However, PB and PBT tubing has since returned to the market and codes, typically first for "exposed locations" such as risers.
PEX ? cross-linked polyethylene system with mechanically joined fittings employing barbs, and crimped steel or copper rings.
Polytanks ? plastic polyethylene cisterns, underground water tanks, above ground water tanks, are usually made of linear polyethylene suitable as a potable water storage tank, provided in white, black or green.
Aqua ? known as PEX-Al-PEX, for its PEX/aluminum sandwich, consisting of aluminum pipe sandwiched between layers of PEX, and connected with modified brass compression fittings. In 2005, a large number of these fittings were recalled.further explanation needed
Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes in buildings are now made of copper,16 brass, plastic (particularly cross-linked polyethylene called PEX, which is estimated to be used in 60% of single-family homes17), or other nontoxic material. Due to its toxicity, lead has not been used in modern water-supply piping since the 1930s in the United States,18 although lead was used in plumbing solder for drinking water until it was banned in 1986.18 Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, or lead.1920
Źródło: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing#Materials